Natural Dyes Research Articles

Tales unraveled through threads: Exploring the influence of natural dyes on the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of wool fibers from historical rugs

EA-IRMS has been used to find isotope ratio patterns as a way of ascertaining the provenance of materials in several fields of science. In this work, EA-IRMS analysis of δ13C and δ15N was used to study historical rugs’ raw materials. The influence of chromophores in the isotope ratio of wool was studied by dyeing contemporary wool with traditional dyestuff and analyzing it by EA-IRMS. Additionally, aiming towards provenance determination, historical rugs’ samples were analyzed. In general, δ13C and δ15N of contemporary dyed wool showed no significant difference between samples (P > 0.05) which rebutted the hypothesis that chromophore isotope ratios influence those of wool. Furthermore, δ13C and δ15N of both contemporary and historical wool samples were indicative of sheep diets comprised exclusively of C3 unfertilized plants. Exception was made for one rug whose δ15N values were compatible with organically fertilized plants. Particularly, δ13C and δ15N ratios of historical samples showed significant inter-rugs differences (P < 0.05) which could evidence meteorological changes over the years. Intra-rug differences detected in only one of the three rugs studied could be linked to changes in sheep diet and pastures management practices due to drought conditions. In sum, this work's results showed that is possible to use EA-IRMS analysis of δ13C and δ15N to study dyed wool without chromophore interference.

Characteristics of the existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates

Carotenes, which simultaneously have the properties of natural dyes and biologically active substances that have a positive effect on human health and life expectancy, are becoming increasingly widespread in the food, pharmacological and cosmetic industries. This necessitates an increase in the production of carotenes on an industrial scale. For use in food technologies, an encapsulated form of carotenes is recommended, which requires their high purity. The purpose of this study is to analyze domestic and foreign scientific, technical and patent information on existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates to determine the direction of research for the development of technology for the production of carotenes, in particular lycopene, ensuring the production of high purity lycopene from carotenoid concentrates, as well as increasing release of lycopene. The issues of using chromatographic methods for isolating lycopene, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the use of non-polar and low-polar organic solvents for isolating lycopene from carotenoid concentrate are considered. The promising direction of research on the use of adsorption resins in the isolation of lycopene from carotenoid concentrates is noted.It has been concluded that the currently existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates, in particular lycopene, are quite technically complex and time-consuming. Some of the mallow the production of high purity lycopene, but the yield of lycopene is so low that their industrial scaling seems impractical. Taking this into account, research is being updated in the field of developing a technology for producing lycopene from a carotenoid concentrate, providing a high yield of high purity lycopene, with the possibility of its implementation on an industrial scale.

Broadening Color Shade of Dyed Wool Fibre with Binary and Ternary Natural Plant Dye Combinations

ABSTRACT A limited selection of natural dyes’ color impedes the development of textile dyeing with natural plant dyes. Inspiring by the conventional coloration of textiles with a combination of three synthetic dyes generally, the present work is to investigate the broadening color shade of dyed wool fiber with ternary natural dye combinations of madder red (MR), gardenia yellow (GY), and gardenia blue (GB) without mordants in a decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) medium. The wool yarn was wetted in an aqueous solution of pH 3 to own a 300% pickup rate, followed by immersion in a D5 medium containing 2% of alcohol ethoxylate (AEO-3) and solid natural dyes at 90°C for 90 min for coloration. The colorfastness to washing was achieved at a 4–5 for fading and a 5 rating for staining for all colors. The XRD patterns and TGA analysis confirmed that the dyeing procedure did not affect the crystallinity nature and stable thermal tendency. SEM images and cross-sections showed that the dyeing procedure did not damage the morphological structure of the wool fiber surface, and the dyes were evenly distributed. Finally, many color shades of dyed fibers were prepared with various dyes’ ratios.

Wood Extracts for Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics—Special View on Mordanting Procedures

Natural dyes offer a bio-based opportunity to support the attractive coloration of textile fabrics made from natural fibers like cotton, wool, hemp, and many other textile materials. They can be part of a strategy to realize fully bio-based textiles and clothing materials. In line with this statement, the following study investigates the use of wood extracts for dyeing cotton fabrics. Specifically, extract powders of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum L.), brazilwood (Caesalpinia spp.), and quebracho wood (Schinopsis lorentzii) are used. The aim of the study is to evaluate which colorations can be obtained by the application of those wood extracts and what fastness properties are reached. For this, different modified process parameters and mordants are evaluated. The dyeing process is modified using different mordants based on iron and aluminum salts. These mordants are applied in pre-, meta-, or post-mordant procedures. The color and fastness properties of prepared textile samples are determined by spectroscopic measurements, color measurements, washing procedures, and a Xenotest for measuring the light fastness. Ultimately, it is shown that a broad range of colorations can be realized through different combinations of wood extracts and mordanting procedures. Notably, stronger color depths are reached with pre- and meta-mordanting compared to post-mordanting. Good wash fastness is obtained for some color shades. However, with post-mordanting, better wash fastness can be achieved. The light fastness of the realized samples is only moderate to low. In conclusion, it can be stated that dyes from wood extracts are excellent materials to dye natural fibers if they are combined with the right mordanting agent in pre- or meta-mordanting procedures. The present study is therefore a good proof-of-concept for the realization of fully bio-based colored textile materials.

Extraction of Natural Dyes, Characterizations and their Ecofriendly Applications

Natural dyes produce an extraordinary variety of products and complex colors that complements each other. Straight off a day synthetic dye leads to high environmental pollution. In recent year, the interest of researchers has changed over on utilizing natural dyes in textiles, food and cosmetics industries. Natural dye sources are eco-friendly and permanent in fabrics. The present study focused on the extraction of dyes from plant materials such as leaves, tubers and flower plants. The obtained dyes yield a variety of colors and are processed with different types of mordants such as aluminum acetate and cream of tartar. In this artical, our research focus on synthesis of azo dyes and compare it with natural dyes. We extracted number of natural dyes and find out of application in dying field. Natural dyes worldwide should be increased to prevent us from pollution and other harmful effects.

Kamchatka Berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) Pomace Bioferment as an Innovative Cosmetic Raw Material

Kamchatka berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are known for their high content of phenolic compounds or vitamins, which is reflected in their antibacterial, detoxifying and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in the production of jams, juices, wines and as natural dye. A bioferment was prepared from the pomace of the Kamchatka berry varieties Aurora and Indigo Gem and the strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, which was used to prepare a cosmetic preparation with a concentration of 5% in accordance with the guidelines of the COSMOS certification body. We conducted physico-chemical and organoleptic analyses and bioactive profile characterisation (UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the presence of caffeic acid (4.47 ± 0.07 mg/100 g) was detected after fermentation of Kamchatka berry pomace. In addition, vitamin C content increased by 141% after fermentation. The results of stability tests showed that in the process of physico-chemical analysis of the cosmetic preparation with bioferment of Kamchatka berry pomace, the pH should oscillate in the range of 4.38–4.76 ± 0.01. Stability tests showed that the cosmetic should be protected from high temperatures and UV radiation and proved that the product is stable under changing conditions, resulting in lower transport and storage costs.

Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) Waste Valorization: Assessing Its Potential as a Sustainable Natural Dye for Textiles Applications

The present study aimed to explore the textile dyeing capability using dyes derived from grape pomace. Extractions were conducted with water at different pH levels and with a water/ethanol solution. Cotton (natural and cationized) and wool were employed in the dyeing process for varying durations (100 and 200 min). The colorimetric and fastness properties, in terms of washing (with hot and cold water) and exposure to natural light, were evaluated. The final color evaluation was performed using ΔE*, a parameter quantifying the magnitude of a color difference by comparing the L*a*b* color coordinates of the CIELAB system of the dyed samples with those of the control. The hues obtained on the fabrics resulted in uniform and earthy colors. However, the cationized cotton substrate showed the highest ΔE* values for all conditions used in obtaining grape pomace extracts, in the range of 33.91 to 37.98. This suggests that the surface treatment enhanced dye uptake, while organic cotton achieved a lighter earthy color. Natural dyeing using grape pomace presents a sustainable, ecological, and non-toxic alternative for textile dyeing, resulting in unique and earthy tones with commercial potential while promoting the sustainable use of natural resources and environmental preservation. The key to achieving sustainable development lies in waste reduction and valorization, along with the adoption of conscious consumption.

Exploring Ultrasonic‐Assisted Extraction and Eco‐Friendly Dyeing of Organic Cotton using Syzygium cumini Leaf Extracts

AbstractThe demand for natural dyes is increasing due to the negative environmental impacts of synthetic color. In fact, customers are becoming more concerned about their health and the environmentally friendly products. The aim of this research is to disclose the dye extraction process using the ultrasonic method and eco‐friendly dyeing of organic cotton knitted fabric. Initially, 10 g of Syzyguim cumini leaf powder was dissolved in 150 mL of purified water maintaining a 1 : 15 M : L ratio to extract the color. After that, the extracted dye solution was added to coloration bath following the M : L ratios of 1 : 16, 1 : 12, and 1 : 8 for producing dark, medium, and light shades, respectively. Post mordanting was done using natural lemon juice for colorfastness improvement. The color attributes were revealed by the spectrophotometric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to comprehend the successful relationship that exists among SCL dyes and organic cotton fibers, and the TGA analysis confirmed that dyed fabric is more stable than undyed fabric. Moreover, the colored sample‘s pH, formaldehyde level, and presence of forbidden Azo groups (aromatic amines) were examined. The test results revealed that very good to excellent color fastness properties were obtained and no harmful chemicals were detected in the dyed samples.

Acerola byproducts microencapsulated by spray and freeze-drying: the effect of carrier agent and drying method on the production of bioactive powder

Abstract Bagasse, peels and seeds from fruits are usually discarded as byproducts. However, these byproducts contain high levels of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to microencapsulate bioactive compounds from acerola byproducts by spray drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD) using maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), and whey protein isolate (WPI) as carrier agents and then evaluate their stability in a gelatin food-model system. Moisture, solubility, and hygroscopicity of the powders were 5.02–10.05 %, 78.83–92 %, and 7.64–14.76 %, respectively. The best method for obtaining phenolic compounds and flavonoids was SD/GA, which yielded 1855.11 mg GAE/100 g and 289.38 μg/g of quercetin. The best method for obtaining anthocyanins was FD/GA, which yielded 33.85 mg of cy-3-glu/100 g. Powder dried by SD/MD could be used as a natural dye. Our results show that acerola byproducts has potential for reuse, and microencapsulation is a good technique for generating stable extracts.

A NEW NATURAL FOOD DYE: MICROENCAPSULATED CORNELIAN CHERRY BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

Cornus mas (CM) is one of the four edible fruits of the Cornus genus, a rich source of biologically active compounds (BACs) such as vitamins (like vitamin C), carotenoids, iridoids, and phenolics (phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and other flavonoids). This study aimed to analyse the improvement of the stability of CM anthocyanins by microencapsulation, in order to propose a new natural food dye. Microencapsulation using a mixture of whey protein isolate (WPI) and chitosan (CH) as wall materials has been applied to protect anthocyanins against external factors (e.g., light, temperature, storage, etc.). Two experimental variants of microencapsulated powders, WPI:CH = 1:1 (CH1) and WPI:CH = 1:2 (CH2), were realised by varying the wall materials ratio. The cornelian cherry fruit concentrated extract was evaluated for its phytochemical, colourimetric, and antioxidant capacities. Due to the excellent anthocyanin encapsulation effectiveness (74.29 – 88.71%), the wall materials utilised for both powders can be considered effective choices to safeguard the anthocyanins. All tests performed on the microencapsulated powders demonstrated that both suggested experimental forms can serve as a healthy substitute for artificial food additives. The incorporation of cornelian cherry fruit extract and microencapsulated powders into a food matrix (jelly candies) allowed examination of their effectiveness. The colour analysis rigorously characterised all the colour parameters related to red nuances (due to anthocyanins content, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside) and yellow nuances (associated with carotenoids content).

Overview on natural dyes and their IR-spectra – Part I: Plant based dyes with naphthoquinone and anthraquinone structure

This is the first paper of a series of review articles reporting on natural dyes, their origin and infrared spectra (IR spectra). One aim of this review series is to compare IR spectra of natural dyes from different origin and discuss if this spectroscopic method can be used as versatile tool for the identification of natural dyes and their origin. This part I of the review series is related to four natural dyes based on the chemical structures of naphthoquinone and anthraquinone. Especially discussed are Lawson, juglone and alizarin, which are related to the natural products henna, walnut hull and madder root. Also, the natural dye based on alkanna root is investigated. Compared are the IR spectra of these natural dyes gained from different suppliers with the IR spectra of the pure chemical substances related to the natural dyes. A discussion with spectra from literature is supported. The aim of this review paper is to support infrared spectroscopic data of natural materials (natural dyes) to enable further material identification and also quality control supporting people working in the fields of fiber analytics or with production processes using natural dyes

Multifunctional ammonium polyphosphate coated cotton fabric for flame retardant, anti-wrinkle, ultraviolet protection and anti-bacterial

The multifunctional cotton fabrics, which were expected to become one of the most promising textile materials, gained much attention in the apparel market. In this work, the simultaneous coloration and finishing processes with natural dye were carried out to prepare the multifunctional cotton fabrics. The modification process using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) imparted the cotton fabric with numerous anionic sites along with flame retardant and anti-wrinkle properties. Subsequently, the implementation of coloration with berberine was to render the cotton fabric with elegant shade and anti-bacterial, ultraviolet (UV) protection performances. The obtained results revealed that the cotton fabric treated with APP could obtain deep shade. It was found that the limited oxygen index (LOI), wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and antibacterial efficiency of treated fabric were 46.4%, 252°, 193 and 99%, respectively. More importantly, the repeated laundering showed negligible influence on the flame retardant and anti-wrinkle performances. In addition, the anti-bacterial and UV protection performance of treated cotton fabric exhibited a slight decline even after 20 cycles of washing. Finally, the washing and rubbing fastness of obtained cotton fabric were also desirable.

Extraction and characterization of natural dye from leaves of Lannea coromandelica and application on cotton fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants. Design/methodology/approach The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab). Findings The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples. Originality/value Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

Utilization of Jengkol Leather as the Main Material of Written Batik in Lampung Province

The abundance of jengkol skin waste becomes useless waste, so creative ideas emerge for the community to use jengkol skin as a source of public finance by making natural dyes as a basic ingredient for written batik dyes and distributed to Batik entrepreneurs such As Syafa Lampung. By exploiting this local potential, it can improve the family economy and even make the environment clean. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach that refers to information related to the research topic. Data were obtained from observation and interviews. The results of the study show that the craftsmen of Batik Tulis As Syafa Lampung do not need to use purchased ink dyes but their waste. With the uniqueness/characteristics that exist, it has an impact on people’s welfare by increasing the community’s economy and increasing the results of the batik business.&#x0D; Keywords: community empowerment, Jengkol Skin, utilization, Written Batik

A novel covalent grafting method between cellulose and ferulic acid through HRP enzyme/acetylacetone/L-Ascorbic acid ternary dual initiator system

In the application of natural dyes, using environmentally and human body harmful metal dyes was still the mainstream dyeing method in the process of cellulose fiber dyeing with natural dyes. This study proposed a new method that can catalyzed the covalent grafting of cellulose materials with Ferulic acid (FA), the ternary system consisting of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), acetylacetone (ACAC) and L-Ascorbic acid (AA). The grafting process of cellulose materials with FA was systematically studied, and the optimal grafting polymerization conditions was determined using orthogonal experimental analysis. In the experiment, it was found that the morphology and structure of cellulose materials significantly affect their grafting polymerization performance with FA, and the change rule of their grafting rate was cotton fabric (3.84%) < cotton yarn (4.54%) < tencel fabric (4.70%) < tencel yarn (53.06%) < cotton cellulose (5.59%) < corn starch (6.70%). The grafted fabrics have excellent color fastness, antibacterial and UV resistance performance. Finally, the structural characteristics of cellulose and its analogues grafted with FA were characterized through FT-IR, 1H NMR, and the possible free radical covalent polymerization mechanism between cellulose materials and FA was analyzed.

Advancement in extraction and characterization techniques of natural dyes from dye yielding plants sources: a review

Purpose Everyone is extremely concerned about environmental protection and health safety due to the rise in living standards. Plant-derived natural dyes have garnered much industrial attention in food, pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics, etc. owing to their health and environmental benefits. The present study aims to focus on the elimination of the use of synthetic dyes and provides brief information about natural dyes, their sources, extraction procedures with characterization and various advantages and disadvantages. Design/methodology/approach In producing natural colors, extraction and purification are essential steps. Various conventional methods used till date have a low yield, as these consume a lot of solvent volume, time, labor and energy or may destroy the coloring behavior of the actual molecules. The establishment of proper characterization and certification protocols for natural dyes would improve the yielding of natural dyes and benefit both producers and users. Findings However, scientists have found modern extraction methods to obtain maximum color yield. They are also modifying the fabric surface to appraise its uptake behavior of color. Various extraction techniques such as solvent, aqueous, enzymatic and fermentation and extraction with microwave or ultrasonic energy, supercritical fluid extraction and alkaline or acid extraction are currently available for these natural dyes and are summarized in the present review article. Originality/value If natural dye availability can be increased by the different extraction measures and the cost of purified dyes can be brought down with a proper certification mechanism, there is a wide scope for the adoption of these dyes by small-scale dyeing units.

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF NATURAL DYE FROM ORANGE PEEL FOR TEXTILE APPLICATIONS

Awareness of the need to protect the environment and people's health has led to an intensification of concerns for obtaining sustainable products and processes. Toxic waste created during the production and use of synthetic dyes has an impact on both human and environmental health. As a result, natural dyes are more secure and safer than synthetic dyes. This study is significant because it has the potential to help develop sustainable and environmentally friendly textile dyeing techniques. In this study, a natural dye was successfully extracted from orange peel (Citrus recticulata Rutaceae) which was applied on textile fibre and was found to be partly effective for eco-friendly dyeing applications. The extracted dye does not have a good wash fastness, which is the ability of the fabric to retain its colour after washing. This weakness is demonstrated by carrying out a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis where the potential binding mechanisms between the dye and the textile fibres was revealed. Different functional groups can interact with the fibre’s functional groups, affecting the dye's affinity for the fabric and its overall colour fastness properties. Findings show that dyes from orange peels showed promise in this study, but need to be improved further. Therefore, the study suggests that further research is needed to optimize the dyeing process and improve the fabric's resistance to washing and other environmental factors.

The Natural Way of Food Colouring

Color is a measure of quality and nutrient content of foods. The objective of adding color to foods is to make them appealing, ent the loss of color during processing, to improve the quality and also to influence the consumer to buy a product. At augment present, the demand for natural dyes is increasing worldwide due to the increased awareness on therapeutic and medicinal properties and their benefits among public and also because of the recognized profound toxicity of synthetic colors. Natural dyes are those derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, animals and minerals. Among all the natural dyes, plant-based pigments have medicinal values so are mostly preferred. Today the food industry and color suppliers are however constantly motivated to work towards the improvement of the technical and physical properties of the color preparations. Development of cost-effective, viable technology for the preparation of a food color and its application in foods is a challenge and the need of the day. This review article covers recent developments in technological advances of food colors with respect to natural color application and stability in foods compared to synthetic colors and the detail basic chemical information about of the major pigments.

Natural extracts from Rhus microphylla and Opuntia joconostle as mono and co-sensitizers for efficiency enhancement of nano-TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cells

In this work, six plants are presented to obtain different molecules with distinct properties to be used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Cells have been assembled using Opuntia joconostle (xoconostle), Rhus microphylla (limilla), Tagetes erecta (marigold flower), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia flower), Bougainvillea spectabilis (bougainvillea) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) as individual and mixed pigments. In the case of xoconostle and limilla this is the first time that their extracts have been used as sensitizers in DSSC. Having these natural dyes, the co-sensitization technique was adopted to improve the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells. The best performance with the individual extracts was from the poinsettia flower having a conversion efficiency of 0.0022 % with Voc of 0.29 V, Jsc of 0.014 mA/cm2 and FF of 48.56, in the case of co-pigmentation, the best mixture was poinsettia flower with xoconostle and green tea (NXT) having a conversion efficiency of 0.0044 % with Voc of 0.34 V, Jsc of 0.035 mA/cm2 and FF of 44.50, using irradiation of 1000 W/m2 at 25°C. The purpose of mixed dyes is to absorb a wider interval of the electromagnetic spectra. Computational calculations based on the Density Functional Theory were used to calculate each molecule’s HOMO and LUMO levels.

Syzygium cumini-mediated synthesis of rGO/Ag-Au nanostructures: Efficient catalysts for rapid degradation of organic dyes

BackgroundThe increasing human health risk caused by contamination of water by both natural and synthetic dye pollutants has become a crucial issue and poses an immense urge to find a sustainable approach for the removal of dye contaminants from wastewater. Photocatalysis performed in the presence of nanomaterials holds huge promise as an efficient and environmentally safe oxidation technology for organic dye removal from waste water. MethodsOur preparation methodology utilizes the extract derived from the endocarp of Syzygium cumini (SC) effects for concurrent reduction of GO and metal ions to form rGO/Ag-Au. The prepared rGO/Ag-Au nanostructures effectively breakdown organic dye pollutants like methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes. Significant findingsA robust interaction between the rGO matrix and the Ag-Au nanoparticles was established by structural characterization, while morphological investigation displayed the nanoscale Ag-Au particles uniformly coated over the rGO sheet surface. The catalytic efficiency of the rGO/Ag-Au nanocomposite toward methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) chromophores decomposition was assessed with the aid of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The decoration of well-spaced Ag-Au nanoparticles over the rGO sheet created firm catalytic active sites in the rGO/Ag-Au composite. With the improved catalytic active surface, the MB/MO dye was completely removed in a very short time of 2.5 to 5 min. The rGO/Ag-Au composite exhibited exceptional catalytic prowess in the disintegration of both dyes, leading to complete degradation. The remarkable efficacy in the dye degradation process can be attributed to the predominance of both electrostatic as well as π-π interactions between the nanocomposite and the dyes. As a result, the current study has developed an easy-to-use and green method for creating rGO/Ag-Au composites, offering a workable way to dispose of hazardous organic dyes in an affordable and efficient way.